不同的濕地定義和分類

不同機構和人對濕地有不同定義和分類,定義有闊有窄,有些包括河流,有些包括有關泥土的定義,有的定義闊得連六米深的水也包含在其中,以下是其中一部分。

定義
"由於溼地和水域、陸地之間沒有明顯邊界,加上不同學科對溼地的研究重點不同,造成溼地的定義一直存在分歧。

國際溼地公約採用廣義的溼地定義,指不問其為天然或人工、常久或暫時性的沼澤地、溼原、泥炭地或水域地帶,帶有或靜止或流動、或為淡水、半鹹水或鹹水水體,包括低潮時水深不超過六米的水域。這一定義包含狹義溼地的區域,有利於將狹義溼地及附近的水體、陸地形成一個整體,便於保護和管理。

溼地的研究活動則往往採用狹義定義。美國魚類和野生生物保護機構於1979年在「美國的溼地深水棲息地的分類」一文中,重新給溼地作定義為:「陸地和水域的交匯處,水位接近或處於地表面,或有淺層積水,至少有一至幾個以下特徵:(1)至少週期性地以水生植物為植物優勢種;(2)底層土主要是溼土;(3)在每年的生長季節,底層有時被水淹沒。」定義還指湖泊與溼地以低水位時水深2米處為界,按照這個溼地定義,世界溼地可以分成二十多個類型,這個定義目前被許多國家的溼地研究者接受。

溼地的水文條件是溼地屬性的決定性因素。水的來源(如降水,地下水,潮汐,河流,湖泊等),水深,水流方式,以及淹水的持續期和頻率決定了溼地的多樣性。水對溼地土壤的發育有深刻的影響。溼地土壤通常稱為溼土或水成土。" (維基百科)

Article 1.1: "...wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres."
Article 2.1: "[Wetlands] may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands."
(Ramsar, Iran, 2.2.1971 as amended by the Protocol of 3.12.1982 and the Amendments of 28.5.1987)

"those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas." (US Clean Water Act)

"as land that (A) has a predominance of hydric soils, (B) is inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions and (C) under normal circumstances supports a prevalence of such vegetation." (16 U.S.C., Section 3801(a)(18))

"(1) hydrology--the degree of flooding or soil saturation; (2) vegetation--plants adapted to grow in water or in a soil or substrate that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturation (hydrophytes); and (3) soils--those saturated long enough during the growing season to produce oxygen-deficient conditions in the upper part of the soil, which commonly includes the major part of the root zone of plants (hydric soils)" (Cowardin and others, 1979; Tiner, 1991)

"Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water... wetlands must have one or more of the following three attributes: (1) at least periodically, the land supports predominantly hydrophytes; (2) the substrate is predominantly undrained hydric soil; and (3) the substrate is nonsoil and is saturated with water or covered by shallow water at some time during, the growing season of each year." (Cowardin et al., 1979)

"The term 'wetlands'... refers to lowlands covered with shallow and sometimes temporary or intermittent waters. They are referred to by such names as marshes, swamps, bogs, wet meadows, potholes, sloughs, fens and river overflow lands. Shallow lakes and ponds, usually with emergent vegetation as a conspicuous feature, are included in the definition, but the permanent waters of streams, reservoirs, and portions of lakes too deep for emergent vegetation are not included. Neither are water areas that are so temporary as to have little or no effect on the development of moist-soil vegetation." (Shaw and Fredine 1956)

"The term 'wetlands' means those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas." (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1987)

"Land commonly referred to as marsh, swamp, fen or bog that either periodically or permanently has a water table at, near or above the land's surface or that is saturated with water, and sustains aquatic processes as indicated by the presence of poorly drained soils, hydrophytic vegetation and biological activities adapted to wet conditions." (Canada Environment Act as amended in 2006)

"A wetland is defined as: land that is saturated with water long enough to promote wetland or aquatic processes as indicated by poorly drained soils, hydrophytic vegetation and various kinds of biological activity which are adapted to a wet environment" (Canada National Wetlands Working Group 1988)

"an ecosystem that arises when inundation by water produces soils dominated by anaerobic processes, which, in turn, forces the biota, particularly rooted plants, to adapt to flooding." (Keddy 2010)

分類

Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Types

The codes are based upon the Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type as approved by Recommendation 4.7 and amended by Resolution VI.5 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties. Wetlands are generally divided into two broad categories: Marine/Coastal wetlands and Inland Wetlands. Here we shall show only inland wetlands types. The categories listed below are very broad categories for rapid identification of the main wetland habitats represented at each site:

Marine/Coastal Wetlands
A - Permanent shallow marine waters in most cases less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays and straits.
B - Marine subtidal aquatic beds; includes kelp beds, sea-grass beds, tropical marine meadows.
C - Coral reefs.
D - Rocky marine shores; includes rocky offshore islands, sea cliffs.
E - Sand, shingle or pebble shores; includes sand bars, spits and sandy islets; includes dune systems and humid dune slacks.
F - Estuarine waters; permanent water of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas.
G - Intertidal mud, sand or salt flats.
H - Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes; includes tidal brackish and freshwater marshes.
I - Intertidal forested wetlands; includes mangrove swamps, nipah swamps and tidal freshwater swamp forests.
J - Coastal brackish/saline lagoons; brackish to saline lagoons with at least one relatively narrow connection to the sea.
K - Coastal freshwater lagoons; includes freshwater delta lagoons.
Zk(a) – Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems, marine/coastal

Inland Wetlands Types
L - Permanent inland deltas.
M - Permanent rivers/streams/creeks; includes waterfalls.
N - Seasonal/intermittent/irregular rivers/streams/creeks.
O - Permanent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha); includes large oxbow lakes.
P - Seasonal/intermittent freshwater lakes (over 8 ha); includes floodplain lakes.
Q - Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes.
R - Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline lakes and flats.
Sp - Permanent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools.
Ss - Seasonal/intermittent saline/brackish/alkaline marshes/pools.
Tp - Permanent freshwater marshes/pools; ponds (below 8 ha), marshes and swamps on inorganic soils; with emergent vegetation water-logged for at least most of the growing season.
Ts - Seasonal/intermittent freshwater marshes/pools on inorganic soils; includes sloughs, potholes, seasonally flooded meadows, sedge marshes.
U - Non-forested peatlands; includes shrub or open bogs, swamps, fens.
Va - Alpine wetlands; includes alpine meadows, temporary waters from snowmelt.
Vt - Tundra wetlands; includes tundra pools, temporary waters from snowmelt.
W - Shrub-dominated wetlands; shrub swamps, shrub-dominated freshwater marshes, shrub carr, alder thicket on inorganic soils.
Xf - Freshwater, tree-dominated wetlands; includes freshwater swamp forests, seasonally flooded forests, wooded swamps on inorganic soils.
Xp - Forested peatlands; peatswamp forests.
Y - Freshwater springs; oases.
Zg - Geothermal wetlands
Zk(b) – Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems, inland

Note : "floodplain" is a broad term used to refer to one or more wetland types, which may include examples from the R, Ss, Ts, W, Xf, Xp, or other wetland types. Some examples of floodplain wetlands are seasonally inundated grassland (including natural wet meadows), shrublands, woodlands and forests. Floodplain wetlands are not listed as a specific wetland type herein.

Human-made Wetlands
1 - Aquaculture (e.g., fish/shrimp) ponds
2 - Ponds; includes farm ponds, stock ponds, small tanks; (generally below 8 ha).
3 - Irrigated land; includes irrigation channels and rice fields.
4 - Seasonally flooded agricultural land (including intensively managed or grazed wet meadow or pasture).
5 - Salt exploitation sites; salt pans, salines, etc.
6 - Water storage areas;reservoirs/barrages/dams/impoundments (generally over 8 ha).
7 - Excavations; gravel/brick/clay pits; borrow pits, mining pools.
8 - Wastewater treatment areas; sewage farms, settling ponds, oxidation basins, etc.
9 - Canals and drainage channels, ditches.
Zk(c) – Karst and other subterranean hydrological systems, human-made

拉姆薩爾公約分類的中文翻譯如下,基於此篇我進行了一些修改,並不保證翻譯的準確性。
天然濕地
(一)海洋/海岸濕地
A - 永久性淺海:多數情況下低潮時水位低於共六米的海域,包括海灣和海峽
B - 潮下帶海草床:包括海藻床、海草床、熱帶海草甸生長地區
C - 珊瑚礁
D - 岩石海岸:包括近海岩質島、海邊峭壁
E - 沙灘、礫石與卵石灘:包括濱海沙洲、海岬以及沙島;沙丘及丘間沼澤
F - 河口水域:永久河口水域和河口三角洲水域
G - 潮間帶泥灘、沙灘和海岸其他鹹水沼澤
H - 潮間帶沼澤:包括濱海鹽沼、鹽化草甸,亦包括潮間鹹淡水沼澤
I - 潮間帶森林濕地:包括紅樹林沼澤和海岸淡水沼澤森林
J - 海岸鹹水、鹼水潟湖:有最少一條窄通道與海水相連的鹹水、鹼水潟湖
K - 海岸淡水潟湖:包括淡水三角洲潟湖
Zk(a) - 海濱岩溶洞穴水系

(二)內陸濕地
L - 永久性內陸三角洲
M - 永久性河流:包括河流及其支流、溪流、瀑布
N - 季節性河流:季節性、間歇性、不定期的河流、溪流、瀑布
O - 永久性湖泊:面積大於八公頃永久性淡水湖,包括大的牛軛湖
P - 季節性湖泊:大於八公頃的季節性、間歇性的淡水湖;包括氾濫平原湖泊
Q - 永久性鹽湖:永久性的鹹水、半鹹水、鹼水湖
R - 季節性鹽湖:季節性的鹹水、半鹹水、鹼水湖及其淺灘
Sp - 永久性內陸鹽沼:永久性的鹹水、半鹹水、鹼水沼澤與池塘
Ss - 季節性內陸鹽沼:季節性、間歇性的鹹水、半鹹水、鹼性沼澤、池塘
Tp - 永久性淡水沼澤:草本沼澤、面積小於八公頃池塘及木本沼澤,無泥炭積累,大部分生長季節伴生挺水植物
Ts - 季節性淡水沼澤:季節性、間歇性洪泛地,濕草甸和面積小於八公頃的池塘,也包括泥坑、坑洼、季節性淹沒草甸、苔草沼澤
U - 非森林泥炭地:灌木泥炭地、蘚類泥炭地、木本泥炭沼澤和草本泥炭地
Va - 高山濕地:包括高山草甸、融雪形成的暫時性水域
Vt - 苔原濕地:包括高山苔原、融雪形成的暫時性水域
W - 灌叢濕地:灌叢沼澤、灌叢為主的淡水濕地,無泥炭積累
Xf - 淡水森林沼澤:包括淡水森林沼澤、季節泛濫森林沼澤、無泥炭積累的森林沼澤
Xp - 森林泥炭地:森林泥炭沼澤
Y - 淡水泉及綠洲
Zg - 地熱濕地:溫泉
Zk(b) - 內陸岩溶洞穴水系

註:「氾濫平原」是一個廣泛的術語,指一種或多種濕地類型,可能包括 R、Ss、Ts、W、Xf、Xp 或其他濕地類型。氾濫平原的一些例子為季節性淹沒草甸(包括天然濕草甸)、灌叢、林地和森林。氾濫平原濕地在此作並不自成一類。

人工濕地
1 - 水產池塘:例如魚、蝦養殖池塘
2 - 池塘:包括農用池塘、儲水池塘,一般面積小於八公頃
3 - 灌溉地:包括灌溉渠系和稻田
4 - 農用泛洪濕地:季節性泛濫的農用地,包括集約管理或放牧的濕草甸
5 - 鹽田: 晒鹽池、採鹽場等
6 - 蓄水區:水庫、攔河壩、堤壩形成的一般大於八公頃的儲水區
7 - 採掘區:積水取土坑、採礦地
8 - 廢水處理場所:污水場、處理池、氧化池等
9 - 運河、排水渠:輸水渠系
Zk(c) - 地下輸水系統:人工管護的岩溶洞穴水系等

美國的濕地分類 (Cowardin Classification)(參考資料:
(System.Subsystem)
1 Marine
1.1 Subtidal
1.2 Intertidal

2 Estuarine
2.1 Subtidal
2.2 Intertidal

3. Riverine
3.1 Tidal
3.2 Lower Perennial
3.3 Upper Perennial
3.4 Intermittent

4. Lacustrine
4.1 Limnetic
4.2 Littoral

5. Palustrine

中文翻譯如下,本人並不保證翻譯的準確性:
1 海岸
1.1 潮下帶
1.2 潮間帶

2 河口
2.1 潮下帶
2.2 潮間帶

3. 河岸
3.1 受潮汐影響
3.2 常有水流的下游
3.3 常有水流的上游
3.4 間歇性

4. 湖泊
4.1 湖沼
4.2 瀕海

5. 沼澤

中文維基百科提及的分類,似乎也是基於拉姆薩爾的分類:
近海及海岸濕地
- 淺海海域:低潮時水深不足6米的永久性水域,植被蓋度<30%,包括海灣和海峽。
- 潮下水生層:海洋低潮線以下,植被蓋度≧30%,包括海草層、海洋草地。
- 珊瑚礁:由珊瑚聚集生長而成的濕地,包括珊瑚島及其有珊瑚生長的海域。
- 岩石性海岸:底部基質75%以上是岩石,蓋度<30%的植被蓋度的硬質海岸,包括岩石性沿海島嶼、海岩峭壁。
- 潮間沙石海灘:潮間植被蓋度<30%,底質以沙、礫石為主。
- 潮間淤泥海灘:植被蓋度<30%,底質以淤泥為主。
- 潮間鹽水沼澤:植被蓋度≧30%的鹽澤。
- 紅樹林沼澤:以紅樹植物群落為主的潮間沼澤。
- 海岸性鹹水湖:海岸帶範圍內的鹹水湖泊。
- 海岸性淡水湖:海岸帶範圍內的淡水湖泊。
- 河口水域:從近口段的潮區界(潮差為零)至口外海濱段的淡水舌鋒緣之間的永久性水域。
- 三角洲濕地:河口區由沙島、沙洲、沙嘴等發育而成的低沖積平原。

河流濕地
- 永久性河流
- 季節性或間接性河流
- 泛洪平原濕地:河流氾濫淹沒(以多年平均洪水位為準)的河流,兩岸地勢平坦地區,包括河灘、氾濫的河谷、季節性氾濫的草地。

湖泊濕地
- 永久性淡水湖:常年積水的海岸帶範圍以外的淡水湖泊。
- 季節性淡水湖:季節性或臨時性的泛洪平原湖。
- 永久性鹹水湖:常年積水的鹹水湖。
- 季節性鹹水湖:季節性或臨時性積水的鹹水湖。

沼澤濕地
- 蘚類沼澤:以蘚類植物為主,蓋度100%的泥炭沼澤。
- 草本沼澤:植被蓋度≧30%,以草本植物為主的沼澤。
- 沼澤化草甸:包括分佈在平原地區的沼澤化草甸以及高山和高原地區具有高寒性質的沼澤化草甸、凍原池塘、融雪形成的臨時水域。
- 灌叢沼澤:以灌木為主的沼澤,植被蓋度≧30%。
- 森林沼澤:有明顯主幹、高於6米、鬱閉度≧0.2的木本植物群落沼澤。
- 內陸鹽澤:分佈於乾旱和半乾旱地區的鹽澤。由一年生和多年生鹽生植物群落組成,水含鹽量達0.6%以上,植被蓋度≧30%。
- 低熱濕地:由溫泉水補給的沼澤濕地。
- 淡水泉或綠洲濕地。

庫塘
- 為灌溉、水電、防洪等目的而建造的人工蓄水設施。

加拿大的濕地分類
Ducks Unlimited Canada

參考資料
Wikipedia - Wetland
維基百科 - 濕地
Wikipedia - Constructed wetland
Wikipedia - Ramsar Convention
維基百科 - 拉姆薩公約
Ramsar Convention
Ramsar Sites Information Service
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - National Wetlands Inventory
U.S. Wetland Classification Codes
U.S. Wetlands Mapper
Wetland Definitions and Classifications in the United States
WETLAND CLASSIFICATIONS
FORESTED WETLANDS
Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States
Wetlands: An Introduction
Nova Scotia’s Wetlands
Commonwealth of Australia - Wetlands
A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia: Third edition
The Canadian Wetland Classification System - Second Edition
Ducks Unlimited Canada
Alberta wetland Policy
香港濕地公園
濕地中國
The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
Wetland Link International
Wetlands International
WWF
WWF Hong Kong
香港觀鳥會
Wikipedia - Biome
Freshwater Habitats Trust
Wikipedia - Pond
ECOREGIONS
Ecoregion
Major Biomes of the world
Major Habitat Types
WorldBiomes.com

本文連結